Timor-Leste is at a critical stage of its economic and social development path: the country aims “to transition from a low income to an upper-middle-income country by 2030, with a healthy, well-educated and safe population”. Investing in voluntary and rights-based modern family planning services provision is one of the smartest decisions that Governments can take. In this Policy Brief, we illustrate the effects that higher modern contraceptive prevalence rates (together with overall improvements in other key indicators for education and economic growth) would have on health, population and the economy of Timor-Leste, through the realisation of the country’s demographic dividend.